Disputas em torno da regulamentação da profissão: a psicologia em defesa das orientações sexuais e identidades de gênero / Disputes around the regulation of the profession: psychology in defense of sexual orientations and gender identities / Disputas sobre la regulación de la profesión: la psicología en defensa de las orientaciones sexuales e identidades de género

A normativa do Conselho Federal de Psicologia nº 1/1999, que estabelece normas de atuação para as(os) psicólogas(os) em relação à questão da orientação sexual, ao longo das últimas duas décadas tem sido objeto de investidas judiciais e legislativas para sustar seus efeitos. Foi observado também que a normativa CFP nº 01/2018, que se refere à atuação com pessoas transexuais e travestis, foi a mais rapidamente atacada após sua publicação, quando comparada aos mais de 1.500 atos oficiais publicados pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia ao longo de sua história de quase 50 anos. E, mais recentemente, foi publicada uma normativa que trata da conduta profissional quanto às bissexualidades e demais orientações não monossexuais, a CFP nº08/2022. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os principais motivos das disputas e as estratégias construídas ao longo do processo de resistência pela Psicologia brasileira, em meio a tensões entre seu posicionamento, expresso pelas resoluções, e a sociedade.(AU)

Normative no. 01/99 of the Federal Council of Psychology, which establishes standards of action for psychologists regarding the issue of sexual orientation, over the last two decades has been the object of legal and legislative attacks to suppress its effects. Moreover, the CFP normative no. 01/18, which refers to working with transgender individuals and travestis, was the most quickly attacked, when compared to the more than 1,500 official acts published by the Federal Council of Psychology throughout its history of almost 50 years. More recently, a normative law was published on the professional conduct regarding bisexualities and other non-monosexual orientations-CFP no. 08/22. This article analyses the main reasons for the disputes and strategies built along the resistance process by Brazilian Psychology, amidst tensions between its positions, expressed by the resolutions, and society.(AU)

El reglamento del Consejo Federal de Psicología 01/99 que establece estándares de acción para psicólogas/os en relación con relación al tema de la orientación sexual, durante las últimas dos décadas, ha sido objeto de ataques judiciales y legislativos para reprimir sus efectos. Además, se observó que el reglamento del CPF 01/18 que trata la práctica con las personas transexuales y travestis fue el más rápidamente atacado, entre los más de 1.500 actos oficiales publicados por el Consejo Federal de Psicología a lo largo de su historia de casi 50 años. Y, más recientemente, se publicó el reglamento, el CPF 08/22, que plantea la acción profesional en relación con las bisexualidades y otras orientaciones no monosexuales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las principales razones de disputas y las estrategias construidas por la Psicología Brasileña a lo largo del proceso de resistencia en medio de las disputas entre su postura planteada mediante las resoluciones y la sociedad.(AU)

De Colegio oficial de psicólogos a Consejo general de colegios. Posicionamiento nacional y proyección internacional / From the college of psychologists to the Spanish psychological association. National positioning and international projection

La creación del COP tuvo enorme trascendencia para dotar de identidad la psicología española. Esta Corporación destinada a ordenar y representar la profesión no ha dejado de crecer, a pesar de graves problemáticas internas y externas. El artículo ofrece una revisión legislativa y documental, sobre todo desde su revista oficial, Papeles del Psicólogo. Analiza la segunda etapa del COP, la de la profesionalización, la descentralización y la reorganización como Consejo General de Colegios, atendiendo a su papel en la proyección interna e internacional de la disciplina en su conjunto. (AU)

The creation of the COP (Spanish College of Psychologists) was of enormous significance in establishing the identity of psychology in Spain. Theorganization, aimed at organizing and representing the profession, has not stopped growing, despite the serious internal and external issues it hashad. This article presents a legislative and documentary review, particularly based on its representative publication, Papeles del Psicólogo/Psychologist Papers. We analyze the second stage of the COP, that of professionalization, decentralization, and reorganization as theSpanish Psychological Association, taking into account its role in the internal and international projection of the discipline as a whole. (AU)

Some Clarity, Some Fog: AG Opines on Physician-Optometrist Relationship.

An opinion by the Texas attorney general will keep the Texas Optometry Board (TOB) from exerting influence over the practice of medicine - to a certain point.

USMLE Scores and Clinical Rotation Role in Predicting ABSITE Performance Among Surgery Interns.

BACKGROUND: The American Board of Surgery In-training Examination (ABSITE) is an important marker of medical knowledge. It is unclear what factors predict or improve these scores. We evaluated demographics, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 and 2 scores, and surgical rotations during the intern year to determine if there were any correlations with the ABSITE performance. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective review during a 6-y period, investigating the correlation and association of demographics, USMLE scores, and types of rotations on the ABSITE percentile score of interns. Demographics included age, gender, race/ethnicity, U.S. versus international/foreign medical graduate for stratified analyses. Descriptive analysis was performed with ANOVA, correlation was evaluated with 95% confidence interval, and significance was defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Complete records obtained on 89 interns from six different general surgery programs over 6 y revealed that there was a significant correlation between USMLE 1 and 2 with the ABSITE. USMLE 2 correlation was the strongest (r = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = [0.25-0.60], P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in ABSITE performance (mean score difference of 17.3 percentile, P = 0.01) of interns who had an intensive care unit rotation before examination. Other surgical rotations were not associated with an ABSITE difference. Demographic factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, or medical graduate background status were not associated with ABSITE scores. CONCLUSIONS: USMLE step 2 scores had a higher correlation with intern ABSITE performance. An intensive care unit rotation before taking the ABSITE was associated with a significant difference in their percentile scores. Demographic factors were not correlated with ABSITE performance.

Propuesta de un marco deontológico para los biólogos españoles / Proposal of a deontological framework for spanish biologists

La Deontología es el conjunto de deberes y obligaciones en que se concreta el obrar correcto en una profesión determinada. Los Códigos deontológicos (CD), además de respetar el marco legal en que se insertan, deben ir más allá de las leyes en tanto son un reflejo del compromiso ético propio de cada profesión; compro-miso con unos principios deontológicos, que contribuye, además, a configurar su identidad. Con este trabajo se pretende aportar, a partir de la bibliografía y de la normativa legal y deontológica vigente, una propuesta que sirva de guía para la elaboración de un Código Deontológico para el Biólogo (CDB), inexistente, a fecha de hoy, en España, tomando como base la revisión de los Códigos deontológicos de otras profesiones afines a la Biología. Con ese fin, se ha procedido a realizar una revisión sistemática y comparativa de los códigos deontológicos de otras profesiones sanitarias, de las pautas éticas emanadas de sociedades científicas (sobre todo, del área anglosajona) y de la normativa aplicable a esas profesiones. El resultado se materializa en una propuesta de los apartados más importantes que, a nuestro juicio, debe contener dicho Código

Deontology is the set of duties and obligations in which the correct act is specified in the exercise of a profession. The Deontological Codes (CD), in addition to respecting the legal framework in which they are inserted, must go beyond the laws insofar as they are a reflection of the ethical commitment of each profession; commitment to deontological principles, which also helps to shape your identity. The aim of this project is to provide, based on the bibliography and current legal and deontological regulations, a proposal to serve as a guide for the accomplishment of Ethic Codes for Biologists (CDB), which currently does not exist in Spain, taking as a basis the revision of the ethics codes of other professions related to Biology. Under this purpose, a systematic and comparative review has been carried out of other health professions ethics codes, of the ethical guidelines emanating from scientific societies (above all, from the Anglo-Saxon area) and of the regulations applicable to those professions. The result is the proposal of the most impor-tant sections that we believe this Code should contain

Validating the Test Plan Specifications for the American Board of Family Medicine's Certification Examination.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the degree to which the American Board of Family Medicine's certification examination is representative of family physician practice with regard to frequency of diagnoses encounter and the criticality of the diagnoses. METHODS: Data from 2012 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was used to assess the frequency of diagnoses encountered by family physicians nationally. These diagnoses were also rated by a panel of content experts for how critical it was to diagnose and treat the condition correctly and then assign the condition to 1 of the 16 content categories used on the American Board of Family Medicine examination. These ratings of frequency and criticality were used to create 7 different new schemas to compute percentages for the content categories. RESULTS: The content category percentages for the 7 different schemas correlated with the 2006 to 2016 test plan percentages from 0.50 to 0.90 with the frequency conditions being more highly correlated and the criticality conditions being less correlated. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the continued use of the current Family Medicine Certification Examination content specifications as being representative of current family medicine practice; however, small adjustments might be warranted to permit better representation of the criticality of the topics.

Diversity in Professionalism Framings Across U.S. Medical Boards.

Lapses in professionalism are a common cause of disciplinary action against physicians by U.S. medical boards. However, the exact definition of "professionalism" is unclear, making it likely that a physician will not train or practice under the same framing of professionalism and so may fail to develop certain skills. The goal of this study was to identify and compare the professionalism framings of medical boards. The medical board web pages for all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and four territories were examined in June 2017 for use of the word "professionalism" or "professional" in their application, rules, or laws, which was then coded as a best fit to one of six core framings of professionalism. Of the 55 states and territories, integrity was the most common professionalism framing (40.0%), followed by excellence (23.6%), behavior (12.7%), mixed (9.1%), unclear (9.1%), and absent (5.5%). Although integrity was the most common framing, diversity exists among medical boards, which could lead to board misunderstandings of incidents labeled as professionalism violations and ineffective remediation of offenses. In order to best communicate the nature of the offense and thus best facilitate remediation, the incident should be called by its true name rather than the all-encompassing term "professionalism."

Fellowship or Family? A Comparison of Residency Leave Policies With the Family and Medical Leave Act.

BACKGROUND: In 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) mandated 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave. The current impact of taking 12 weeks of leave during residency has not been evaluated. METHODS: We examined the 2018 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (n = 24) specialty leave policies to determine the impact of 6- and 12-week leave on residency training, board eligibility, and fellowship training. We compared our findings with a 2006 study. RESULTS: In 2018, five (21%) specialties had policy language regarding parental leave during residency, and four (16%) had language regarding medical leave. Median leave allowed was 4 weeks (IQR 4-6). Six specialties (25%) decreased the number of weeks allowed for leave from 2006 to 2018. In 2006, a 6-week leave would cause a 1-year delay in board eligibility in six specialties; in 2018, it would not cause delayed board eligibility in any specialty. In 2018, a 12-week (FMLA) leave would extend training by a median of 6 weeks (mean 4.1, range 0-8), would delay board eligibility by 6-12 months in three programs (mean 2.25, range 0-12), and would delay fellowship training by at least 1 year in 17 specialties (71%). The impact of a 12-week leave was similar between medical and surgical specialties. CONCLUSIONS: While leave policies have improved since 2006, most specialties allow for 6 weeks of leave, less than half of what is mandated by the FMLA. Moreover, a 12-week, FMLA-mandated leave would cause significant delays in board certification and entry into fellowship for most residency programs.

Relation between the number of board-certified gynecologic oncologists per hospital and survival of cervical cancer.

AIMS: In cancer therapy, choice of treatment method has a tremendous influence on patient prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the number of Gynecologic Oncology (GO) Specialists on treatment outcomes of cervical cancer patients. METHODS: We used data for 5-year treatment outcomes obtained from the annual treatment reports of the Gynecologic Oncology Committee of Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG). We compared this to data posted on the Japanese Society of Gynecologic Oncology (JSGO) website regarding the enrollment of GO Specialists at each hospital. RESULTS: The 5-year survival ratio of cervical cancer patients treated in hospitals with 2-or-more GO Specialists was 79.0% (2010/2543). This was significantly higher than 75.4% (974/1292) for facilities with 0 or 1 specialist (P = 0.011); however, the number of GO Specialists was not an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.77, adjusted HR: 1.13 [0.38-2.03]). The 5-year survival ratio significantly increased in medical facilities whose number of GO Specialists increased from 0 to 1 or more, or from 1 to 2 or more (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a causal relationship between the numbers of GO Specialists and treatment outcomes of cervical cancer patients for the first time. Our study suggests that although JSGO board-certified gynecologic oncologists do clearly contribute to improving treatment outcome, the number of specialists was not an independent factor for improving the prognosis of the patients. Thus, it was not clear whether simply increasing the number of GO Specialists, beyond two, will lead to any significant improvement in cervical cancer patient prognosis.

Should the U.S. Adopt a National Dental Clinical Licensure Examination? Two Viewpoints: Viewpoint 1: National Licensure Would Provide Multiple Advantages for Practitioners and the Profession and Viewpoint 2: Licensing Authority Should Remain Under State Dental Boards' Jurisdiction.

This Point/Counterpoint article examines the need for and potential impact of implementing a national clinical examination for initial licensure in dentistry. Viewpoint 1 supports a national licensure exam that meets the clinical exam's credentialing requirement for licensure in every state. According to this viewpoint, a national exam will reduce costs, enhance portability of graduates, simplify the transition from dental school to practice or specialty training programs, and standardize requirements for licensure between states. Viewpoint 2 opposes a national licensure exam. This viewpoint supports individual states' dental board decision making process, which is based on identifiable state-specific criteria. The ability to prioritize needs at the state level allows for higher exam standards, easier modifications, more focused requirements, and better calibration in specific exam areas. Viewpoint 2 argues that the delicate balance between licensure agencies and organized dentistry in each state, as well as the involvement of dental schools in the licensure process, must be preserved. This Point/Counterpoint concludes with a joint statement about the prospects for adoption of a national licensure exam.

Crisis in New Jersey Highlights Problems for Many State Boards of Nursing.

Bureaucracy and lack of resources challenge licensing and oversight.

One eye of the future, one eye on the past.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess if the GOC considers relevant factors at all stages of its deliberations into misconduct, as required by the determinations in the cases of Cohen, Zygmunt, and Azzam, and to assess whether those circumstances described in the Hearings Guidance and Indicative Sanctions as warranting removal of an optician from the relevant registers lead to that outcome. Design/methodology/approach The consideration of specific factors in determining impairment of fitness to practise was compared with their subsequent consideration when determining the severity of sanction. Additionally, cases that highlighted aggravating circumstances deemed as serious enough to warrant removal were monitored. Pearson's χ2 test was used to detect any variation from the expected distribution of data. Findings In total, 42 cases met the inclusion criteria. Each of the four factors considered was more likely to be heard when determining sanction having first been factored in to the consideration of impairment. Where risk of harm was identified as an aspect of an optician's misconduct, the sanctions of suspension or removal were no more likely to be imposed. Where dishonesty was involved, they were more likely to result in suspension or removal. Originality/value The GOC do, in general, factor the rulings of High Court appeal cases into their deliberations on the impairment of fitness to practice and, where dishonesty is involved, consider their own guidance in determining which sanction to apply. The authors were unable to show that placing the safety of patients at risk was more likely to result in removal from the register.

Performance of Graduating Residents on the American Board of Family Medicine Certification Examination 2009-2016.

In response to growing concern about the declining performance on the American Board of Family Medicine Certification Examination, several strategies were employed to assist program directors with preparing their residents to take the examination. The effect of these efforts seems to have resulted in significant improvement in performance.